钢琴底下的三个踏板,外形相似"/>
"踏板是钢琴的灵魂。" —— 阿图尔·鲁宾斯坦
钢琴底下的三个踏板,外形相似,功能各异。你是否也曾好奇,它们究竟有何用途,又该如何区分呢?
深入了解每个踏板的内部运作原理,将有助于你更好地掌握钢琴的音效处理。
1、左踏板
三角钢琴的左踏板不仅能降低音量,还能使音色变得柔和甚至模糊。踩下左踏板时,整个键盘和击弦机会向右移动几毫米,使中高音区的榔头敲击的琴弦从三根变为两根。因此,三角钢琴的左踏板通常标有 "una corda",意为“一根弦”。
On the modern piano, the una corda pedal makes the hammers of the treble section hit two strings instead of three. In the case of the bass strings, the hammer normally strikes either one or two strings per note. The lowest bass notes on the piano are a single thicker string. - from wikipedia
三角钢琴左踏板踩下后琴键与琴弦的变化
注意: "una corda" 或 "u.c." 代表左踏板踩到底;"tutte le corde"(所有弦)或 "tre corde"(三根弦)代表松开左踏板。
Hungarian Rhapsody NO.6
Hungarian Rhapsody NO.6
注:琴弦数量在音域中的分布为:低音一根、中音两根、高音三根。琴弦的粗细也从低音到高音逐渐变细。因此,低音区的柔音效果是通过改变榔头的击打部位,使其从较软的地方击打而产生的。
立式钢琴的左踏板并非纯粹意义上的柔音踏板。它的击弦机固定在音板上,无法左右移动。踩下立式钢琴的左踏板只会使榔头前移,缩短敲击琴弦的行程,从而减轻冲击力,达到降低音量的效果。更准确的叫法是 Half-blow Pedal。
On the modern upright piano, the left pedal is not truly an una corda, because it does not shift the action sideways. A more accurate term for the left pedal on an upright piano is the half-blow pedal. When the pedal is activated, the hammers move closer to the strings, so that there is less distance for the hammer to swing. - from wikipedia
立式钢琴踩下左踏板榔头的变化
2、中踏板
消音踏板: 踩下立式钢琴的中间踏板后,会有一层尼毡降下来,挡在榔头和琴弦之间,使声音更小、更朦胧,主要用于防止扰民。
立式钢琴的尼毡
选择延音踏板: 先弹奏一个或几个音符,再踩下踏板,这些音符会一直保持住,且不受其他两个踏板的影响。这些音符的制音器会一直保持抬起,直到音符消失。
这个踏板是现代钢琴中最后加入的。Boisselot & Fils 公司于 1844 年在法国世博会上首次展示了它,但直到 1874 年,施坦威公司在 B-211 及以上型号的钢琴上普及了它,才得到大力推广。直到 20 世纪 70/80 年代,它才在其他品牌的三角钢琴上普及。因此,也有人将中间踏板称为施坦威踏板。
The sostenuto was first shown at the French Industrial Exposition of 1844 in Paris, by Boisselot & Fils, a Marseille company. French piano builders Alexandre Fran?ois Debain and Claude Montal built sostenuto mechanisms in 1860 and 1862, respectively. - from wikipedia
由于使用机会很少,一些厂商的低端系列会选择减配此踏板以降低成本。即使到现在,也有入门级小尺寸的三角钢琴会去掉中间这个踏板以减少制作成本。
It is common to find uprights and even grand pianos that lack a middle pedal. Even if a piano has a middle pedal, one cannot assume it is a true sostenuto, for there are many other functions a middle pedal can have other than that of sostenuto. - from wikipedia
两个踏板的三角钢琴
当然,有些三角钢琴的中踏板的延音效果只会对低音区域产生影响。
Sometimes, the middle pedal may only operate the bass dampers。
3、右踏板
学名制音踏板 (Damper Pedal),但通常被称为延音踏板 (Sustaining Pedal),主要作用是延长音符。这个踏板是钢琴演奏中使用频率最高的,因此被称为钢琴的灵魂。
The damper pedal, sometimes called the sustaining pedal, is used more often than the other pedals, and is placed at the right of the array of pedals, most conveniently accessible to (mostly right-footed) players. it is probably this effect that lies behind the common saying that the damper pedal is "the soul of the piano". - from wikipedia
其原理是将制音器从琴弦上抬起,使琴弦可以持续振动发声。
The damper pedal raises all the dampers off the strings so that they keep vibrating after a key on the keyboard has been released. In effect, the damper pedal makes every string on the piano a sympathetic string, creating a rich tonal quality; - from wikipedia
不踩踏板、半踏板、全踏板制音器的效果
思考题:
弹奏单音时,踩延音踏板和不踩踏板,音色上有哪些具体区别呢?
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